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}} |image = Jiang Zemin St. Petersburg2002.jpgborder |caption = Jiang visiting the Russian city of Saint Petersburg in June 2002. |nationality = Chinese |office = General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China |term = 24 June 1989 – 15 November 2002 |predecessor = Zhao Ziyang |successor = Hu Jintao |office1 = President of the People's Republic of China |term1 = 27 March 1993 – 15 March 2003 |premier1 = Li Peng Zhu Rongji |vicepresident1 = Rong Yiren Hu Jintao |predecessor1 = Yang Shangkun |successor1 = Hu Jintao |office2 = Chairman of the Central Military Commission |deputy2 = |term_start2 = State Commission: 19 March 1990 |term_end2 = 8 March 2005 Party Commission: 9 November 1989 – 19 September 2004 |predecessor2 = Deng Xiaoping |successor2 = Hu Jintao |birth_date = |birth_place = Yangzhou, Jiangsu |death_date = |death_place = |spouse = Wang Yeping |children = Jiang Mianheng Jiang Miankang |alma_mater = Shanghai Jiao Tong University |profession = Electrical engineer |party = Communist Party of China |signature = Jiang Zemin Signature.svg |footnotes = ---- }} Jiang Zemin (born 17 August 1926) is a retired Chinese politician who served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 1989 to 2002, as Chairman of the Central Military Commission from 1989 to 2004, and as President of the People's Republic of China from 1993 to 2003. Jiang has been described as the "core of the third generation" of Communist Party leaders since 1989. Jiang Zemin came to power unexpectedly as a 'compromise candidate' following the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, when he replaced Zhao Ziyang as General Secretary after Zhao was ousted for his support for the student movement. With the waning influence of Eight Elders due to old age and with the death of Deng Xiaoping, Jiang consolidated his hold on power and became the "paramount leader" of the country in the 1990s. Under Jiang's leadership, China experienced substantial economic growth with the continuation of reforms, saw the peaceful return of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom and Macau from Portugal, and improved its relations with the outside world while the Communist Party maintained its tight control over the government. Jiang has been criticized for being too concerned about his personal image at home, and too conciliatory towards Russia and the United States abroad. His contributions to party doctrine, known as the "Three Represents," were written into the party's constitution in 2002.〔Tomoyuki Kojima. China's ''Omnidirectional Diplomacy'': Cooperation with all, Emphasis on Major Powers. Asia-Pacific Review, 1469–2937, Volume 8, Issue 2, 2001〕 Jiang vacated the post of party General Secretary in 2002, but did not relinquish all of his leadership titles until 2005, and continued to influence affairs until much later. ==Background and ascendancy== Jiang was born in the city of Yangzhou, Jiangsu. His ancestral home was the Jiang Village (), Jingde County, Anhui. This was also the hometown of a number of prominent figures in Chinese academic and intellectual establishments. Jiang grew up during the years of Japanese occupation. His uncle, Jiang Shangqing, died fighting the Japanese in World War II and is considered in Jiang Zemin's time to be a national hero. Since Shangqing had no heirs, Jiang became the adopted son of Shangqing's wife, or his aunt, Wang Zhelan, to whom he referred to as "Niang" (Chinese: 娘; "Mom").〔 There is some doubt if Jiang was really adopted at the time: * Shangqing's daughter Zehui once said her family was too poor to have enough food after his death, which indicated that Jiang Zemin’s father, despite his wealth and power, never supported Shangqing’s family * it was unlikely for Jiang Zemin’s father to allow Jiang Shangqing to adopt Zemin, because in Chinese traditions, Zemin, an eldest son, would not be adopted〔〔 Jiang attended the Department of Electrical Engineering at the National Central University in Japanese-occupied Nanjing before being transferred to National Chiao Tung University. He graduated there in 1947 with a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering. Jiang married Wang Yeping in 1949, also a native of Yangzhou. She graduated from Shanghai International Studies University.〔 They have two sons, Jiang Mianheng and Jiang Miankang.〔(【引用サイトリンク】work=People's Daily )〕 He claims that he joined the Communist Party of China when he was in college.〔(Structure and Choice )〕 After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, Jiang received his training at the Stalin Automobile Works in Moscow in the 1950s. He also worked for Changchun's First Automobile Works. He eventually got transferred to government services, where he began to rise in prominence and rank, eventually becoming a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, Minister of Electronic Industries in 1983. In 1985 he became Mayor of Shanghai, and subsequently the Party Secretary of Shanghai. Jiang received mixed reviews as mayor. Many of his critics dismissed him as a "flower pot", a Chinese term for someone who only seems useful, but actually gets nothing done. Many credited Shanghai's growth during the period to Zhu Rongji.〔(Los Angeles Times: China Leans Heavily on Trouble-Shooter : Politics: Vice Premier Zhu Rongji's assignment is to cope with economic troubles, corruption, rural anger. )〕 Jiang was an ardent believer, during this period, in Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms. In an attempt to curb student discontent in 1986, Jiang recited the Gettysburg Address in English in front of a group of student protesters.〔Kuhn, Robert Lawrence: The Man Who Changed China: The Life and Legacy of Jiang Zemin〕 Jiang was described as having a passable command of several foreign languages, including Romanian, Russian, and English. One of his favorite activities was to engage foreign visitors in small talk on arts and literature in their native language, in addition to singing foreign songs in the original language.〔 He became friends with Allen Broussard, the African-American judge who visited Shanghai in 1987 and Brazilian actress Lucélia Santos. Jiang was elevated to national politics in 1987, automatically becoming a member of the Politburo of the CPC Central Committee because it is customarily dictated that the Party Secretary of Shanghai would also have a seat in the Politburo. In 1989, China was in crisis over the Tiananmen Square protest, and the central government was in conflict on how to handle the protesters. In June, Deng Xiaoping dismissed liberal Zhao Ziyang, who was considered to be too conciliatory toward the student protestors. At the time, Jiang was the Shanghai Party secretary, the top figure in China's new economic center. In an incident with the ''World Economic Herald'', Jiang closed down the newspaper, deeming it to be harmful. The handling of the crisis in Shanghai was noticed by Beijing, and then by paramount leader Deng Xiaoping. As the protests escalated and then Party general secretary Zhao Ziyang was removed from office, Jiang was selected by the Party leaders as a compromise candidate over Tianjin's Li Ruihuan, Premier Li Peng, Li Xiannian, Chen Yun, and the retired elders to become the new General Secretary. Before that, he had been considered to be an unlikely candidate.〔(China completes military power transfer )〕 Within three years, Deng had transferred most power in the state, party and military to Jiang. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jiang Zemin」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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